MODELING THE FLOW OF CROWD DURING TAWAF AT MASJID AL-HARAM

Authors

  • Razieh Haghighati Department of Materials, Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
  • Adnan Hassan Department of Materials, Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.

Keywords:

Tawaf, crowd management, crowd modelling, queuing theory, simulation.

Abstract

Tawaf is one of the most important rituals of hajj or umrah performed by the Muslim pilgrims in Masjid Al-Haram yard, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. It consists of seven counterclockwise circulations around Ka’aba, a building situated in the middle of the yard. Large crowds of pilgrims performing Tawaf during peak seasons need to be investigated towards providing a safe and robust crowd management plan. Although many studies have been reported, related to Tawaf, but many of them focused on animation and behavior during Tawaf. There have been limited studies addressing human crowd during Tawaf from queuing system and optimization perspectives. This research modeled the Tawaf activities based on queuing system using discrete-event simulation, ARENA. Alternative crowd management policies were studied and their performances were compared using three criteria namely, density, service rate and average time in the system. Important design factors such as pilgrim inter-arrival time, group size, availability of space and switching behavior during Tawaf were investigated. The simulation results suggest that switching lane during Tawaf is the most significant factor in crowd density development and reduce efficiency of the queuing system. The proposed Tawaf model using separation, spiral path and timely scheduled the incoming pilgrims has resulted in the best performance among the investigated models. The techniques used in this study, is potentially applicable to other huge crowd gathering such as in theme parks, public transportation hubs and sports events.

References

Still, G. K., 2000. Crowd Dynamics, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Warwick.

Widyarto, S., 2008. Modeling and Simulation of Crowd Behaviour, Ph.D. Thesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

Sarmady, S., Fazilah, H. and Abdullah, Z.T., 2011. A Cellular Automata Model for Circular Movements of Pedestrians during Tawaf, Simulation Modeling and Practices 19, 969–985.

Zarita, Z., Kumatha, T. and Ibtesam, M.S., 2009. Simulating the Circumbulation of the Ka’aba using SimWalk, European journal of Scientific Research 454-464.

Kamareddine, A.M. and Hughes, R.L., 2011. Towards a Mathematical Model for Stability in Pedestrian Flows. Networks and Heterogeneous Media Vol. 6, N0 3, 465-483.

Al-Haboubi, M.H. and Selim, S.Z., 1997. A Design to Minimize Congestion around the Ka’aba. Computers Elsevier Science LTD, Computers Industrial Engineering Vol. 32, 419-428.

Clark, M.P., 2008. Crowds, Contexts Vol. 7. , 78-79.

Zhou, S., Chen, D. and Cai, W., 2010. Crowd Modeling and simulation Technologies, ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation Vol. 20, No. 4, Article 20.

Reynolds, C., 1987. Flocks, herds, and schools: a distributed behavior model, Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 25–34.

Tu, X. and Terzopoulos, D., 1994. Artificial Fishes: Physics, Locomotion, Perception, Behavior, Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques, New York, NY, USA, ACM, 43-50.

Saiwaki, N., Komatsu, T., Yoshida, T. and Nishida, S., 1997. Automatic Generation o12. Reynolds, C., 1999. Steering behaviors for autonomous characters, Proceedings of Game Developers Conference, San Jose, California, 763–782. of Moving Crowd using Chaos Model, IEEE, 3715-3721.

Reynolds, C., 1999. Steering behaviors for autonomous characters, Proceedings of Game Developers Conference, San Jose, California, 763–782.

Helbing, I., Farakas, T. and Vicsek, 2000. Simulating dynamical features of escape

panic, Nature, 407, 487–490.

Musse, S.R. and Thalman, D., 2001. Hierarchical Model for Real Time Simulation of Virtual Human Crowds, IEEE Transportations on visualization and computer Graphics.

Hughes, R.L., 2003. The Flow of Human Crowds, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 35, 169-182.

Shao, W. and Terzopulus, D., 2005. Autonomous Pedestrians, Proceeding of ACM SIGGRAPH/ Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, 10-28.

Pettre, J., Laumond, J.P. and Thamann, D., 2005. A Navigation Graph for Real-Time Crowd Animation on Multilayered and Uneven Terrain, First International Workshop on Crowd Simulation, 81-90.

Widyarto, S. and ABD. Latif, 2008. Fractal, a Microscopic Crowd Model, Fractals, Vol.16, No4, 317-332.

Curtis, S., Guy, S.J., Zafar, B. and Manocha, D., 2011. Virtual Tawaf: A Case Study in Simulating the Behavior of Dense, Heterogeneous Crowds, IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCV Workshops), Barcelona, 128-

Adnan, H., Awaluddin, M. H. and Muchamad, O., 2007. Dynamic Scheduling in a Multi-Product Manufacturing System. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: Research VOT No. 75062.

Zafar, B., 2011. Analysis of the Mataf-Ramadan 1432AH. Technical Report, Hajj Research Institute, Umm al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia.

Rosetti, M. D., 2010. Simulation Modeling and Arena, John Wiley and Sons, Inc..

Tian, N. and Zhang, Z.G., 2006. Vacation Queuing Models, Springer.

Sarmady, S., Haron, F. and Salahudin, M., 2007. Evaluation of existing software for simulating of crowd at Masjid Al-Haram, Jurnal Pengurusan Jabatan Wakaf Zakat

and Haji,1 83–95.

Neylor, T.H. and Finger, J.M., 1967. Verification of Computer Simulation Models, Management Science 14, B92-B101

Downloads

Published

2018-04-02

How to Cite

Haghighati, R., & Hassan, A. (2018). MODELING THE FLOW OF CROWD DURING TAWAF AT MASJID AL-HARAM. Jurnal Mekanikal, 36(1). Retrieved from https://jurnalmekanikal.utm.my/index.php/jurnalmekanikal/article/view/59

Issue

Section

Mechanical

Similar Articles

<< < 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.