Aerodynamic Performance Enhancement of Multi-Rotor UAVs: A Review on Minimizing Drag from Wake Interactions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jm.v48.557Keywords:
Drag, Rotor Wake, UAV, Multirotor, Shark Skin, Dimple, Vortex Generator, Endurance.Abstract
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) play a critical role in a wide range of applications, from surveillance to air mobility. However, aerodynamic challenges often compromise their performance, particularly wake-induced drag, which limits their efficiency and endurance. This paper reviews some significant research efforts dedicated to understanding wake behaviour in UAVs and the various strategies developed to mitigate its effects. The review focuses on advanced aerodynamic enhancements, including vortex generators, dimples, shark skin-inspired structures, and ducted-rotor configuration, offering unique mechanisms for reducing wake formation and associated drag. Vortex generators are discussed for their ability to energize the boundary layer, effectively delaying flow separation and reducing turbulence behind the UAV, which minimizes drag. Dimples, modelled after the surface of golf balls, are shown to alter flow patterns around the UAV, leading to a smoother airflow and substantial drag reduction. Furthermore, shark skin structures, inspired by the micro-patterned denticles on shark skin, have been demonstrated to improve both drag and lift enhancement by manipulating boundary layers and generating beneficial vortices. Integrating these bio-inspired and engineered solutions into the design offers a promising pathway to significantly enhance aerodynamic performance. By reducing wake-induced drag, these technologies can improve endurance, higher efficiency, and greater operational capabilities of UAVs. This paper provides a comprehensive foundation for future research and innovation in UAV aerodynamics, encouraging the adoption of these advanced design strategies to overcome the challenges of wake behaviour and maximize UAV performance.
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