ASSESSMENT OF FRICTION STIR WELDING: AN OVERVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/jm.v45.456Keywords:
Friction stir welding, aluminium, process parameter, welding strategies, reviewAbstract
Friction stir welding (FSW) has an advanced technique in solid-state conditions that joins from different materials compared to the fusion welding process and is eco-friendly. This ignificant advancement involves aluminium (Al) alloys which facilitate the FSW of distinguished flow patterns in the weld zone. Technically, heat energy and stirred material resulted in softening areas, affecting joint efficiency, mechanical properties, and metallurgical characterisation. This paper has concerns comprehensively covering and summarising the development and application of the topic in different aspects of the performance and quality of the FSW welded joint. The proper tools can create sufficient heat under the shoulder for excellent performance to deal with the welding parameter. All these tools have their literature and journal, which extensive discussion.Furthermore, alloy positioning, defect formation,
rotational speed and transverse feed are essential analytical tools for FSW to control the significant weld quality. Furthermore, the mechanical properties associated with microstructural evolution highly dependent on welding technique have remarkably contributed to product development. Finally, a previous study has shown the interest in the topic to enhance the knowledge for further investigation with emerging technology for future recommendations in the FSW discipline.
References
Thomas, W.M., Nicholas, E.D., Needham, J.C., Murch, M.G., Temple-Smith, P., and Dawes, C.J., 1991. Friction Stir Butt Welding. International Patent Application No. PCT/GB92/02203; GB Patent Application No.9125978.8, U.S.Patent Application., 460 (5) .
Sengupta, K., Singh, D.K., Mondal, A.K., Bose, D. and Ghosh, B., 2021. Analysis of mechanical property of electrically assisted friction stir welding to enhance the efficiency of joints. Materials Today: Proceedings, 38:2263-2270.
Verma, M., Ahmed, S. and Saha, P., 2021. Challenges, process requisites/inputs, mechanics, and weld performance of Processes, 68:249-276.
Thube R., (2014). Effect of Tool Pin Profile and Welding Parameters on Friction Stir Processing Zone, Tensile Properties and Micro-hardness of AA5083 Joints Produced by Friction Stir Welding. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), 3(5): 2249 – 8958.
Derazkola H. and Khodabakshi F., 2019. Underwater submerged dissimilar friction-stir welding of AA5083 aluminium alloy and A441 AISI steel, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology., 102:4383–4395.
Ji, S. D., Jin, Y. Y., Yue, Y. M., Gao, S. S., Huang, Y. X. and Wang, L., 2013. Effect of temperature on material transfer behaviour different stages of friction stir welded 7075-t6 aluminium alloy, Journal Material Science Technology, 29(10):955-960.
Tamjidy, M., Baharudin, B.H.T., Paslar, S., Matori, K.A., Sulaiman, S. and Fadaeifard, F., 2017. Multi-objective optimisation of friction stir welding process parameters of AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T6 using a biogeography based optimisation algorithm. Materials, 10(5):533.
Muhayat, N., Triyono, R.D.R. and Zubaydi, A., 2018. Effect of Tool Plunge Depth and Pin Profile on Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Spot Welded AA5052 Joints. Journal of Mechanical Engineering (JMechE), 15(1):181-191.
Sucharitha, M., Sankar, B.R. and Umamaheswarrao, P., 2020, October. A Review on Submerged Friction Stir Welding of Light Weight Alloys. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering IOP Publishing, 954(1): 012014)..
Yuqing, M., Liming, K., Fencheng, L., Yuhua, C. and Li, X., 2017. Effect of tool pin-tip profiles on material flow and mechanical properties of friction stir welding thick AA7075-T6 alloy joints. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 88(1):949-960.
Chandran, R. and Santhanam, SKV, 2018. Submerged friction stir welding of 6061-T6 aluminium alloy under different water heads. Materials Research, 21.
Ethiraj, N., Sivabalan, T., Meikeerthy, S., Kumar, KLVR, Chaithanya, G. and Reddy, G.P.K., 2019, July. Comparative study on conventional and underwater friction stir welding of copper plates. In AIP Conference Proceedings AIP Publishing LLC.,128(1):030003.
Zhang, G., Xiao, C. and Ojo, OO, 2021. Dissimilar friction stir spot welding of AA2024-T3/AA7075-T6 aluminum alloys under different welding parameters and media. Defence Technology, 17(2):531-544.
Anand, R. and Sridhar, V.G., 2020. Studies on process parameters and tool geometry selecting aspects of friction stir welding–A review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 27:576-583.
Ramnath, B.V., Elanchezhain, C., Vignesh, C., Sudharsan, V. and Ganesh, C.S., 2020, September. A Review On Friction Stir Welding And It's Processes. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering., 923, (1):012030.
Shojaeefard M. H., Behnagh R. A., Akbari M., Givi M. K. B. and Farhani F., 2013. Modelling and Pareto optimisation of mechanical properties of friction stir welded AA 7075/AA5083 butt joints using neural network and particle swarm algorithm, Materials & Design., 44:190-198.
Chaudhary, A., Mishra, R., Anshari, M.A.A., Imam, M. and Chintapenta, V., 2022. Experimental and numerical investigation of laser-FSW hybrid welding technique for high strength materials. Materials Today: Proceedings.
Hoyos, E. and Serna, M.C., 2021. Basic tool design guidelines for friction stir welding of aluminum alloys. Metals, 11(12):2042.
Singh, V.P., Patel, S.K., Ranjan, A. and Kuriachen, B., 2020. Recent research progress in solid state friction-stir welding of aluminium–magnesium alloys: a critical review. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(3):.6217-6256.
Wang, Q., Zhao, Y., Yan, K., & Lu, S., 2015. Corrosion behaviour of spray formed 7055 aluminium alloy joints welded by underwater friction stir welding, Materials & Design, 68: 97–103.
Aval H. J., Serajzadeh S., Kokabi A. H. and Loureiro A.., 2011. Effect of tool geometry on mechanical and microstructural behaviours in dissimilar friction stir welding of AA 5086-AA 6061, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining., 16(7):597–604.
Ilangovan, M., Boopathy, S.R. and Balasubramanian, V., 2015. Effect of tool pin profile on microstructure and tensile properties of friction stir welded dissimilar AA6061-AA5086 aluminium alloy joints, Def. Technol., 11: 174–184.
Rhodes C. G., Mahoney M. W., Bingel W. H., Spurling R. A., Bampton C. C., 1997. Effects of friction stir welding on the microstructure of 7075 aluminium, Scripta Materialia, 36 (1): 69-75, 1997.
Chandrashekar, A., Reddappa, H.N. and Ajaykumar, B.S., 2016. Influence of Tool Profile on Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Aluminium Alloy 5083, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering.,10(1).
Aval H. J., 2015. Influences of pin profile on the mechanical and microstructural behaviours in dissimilar friction stir welded AA6082-AA 7075 butt Joint, Materials & Design., 67: 413-421.
Guo, J. F., Chen, H. C., Sun, C. N., Bi, G., Sun, Z. and Wei, J., 2014 Friction stir welding of dissimilar materials between AA6061 and AA7075 Al alloys effects of process parameters, Materials and Design., 56:185–192.
Zhao, Y., Wang, Q., Chen, H. and Yan K., 2014. Microstructure and mechanical properties of spray formed 7055 aluminium alloy by underwater friction stir welding, Material and Design, 56: 725–30.
Shojaeefard M. H., Behnagh R. A., Akbari M., Givi M. K. B. and Farhani F., 2013. Modelling and Pareto optimisation of mechanical properties of friction stir welded AA 7075/AA5083 butt joints using neural network and particle swarm algorithm, Materials & Design., 44:190-198.
Sabari, S. S., Malarvizhi, S., Balasubramania,V. and Madusudhan R.G., 2016. Experimental and numerical investigation on under-water friction stir welding of armour grade AA2519-T87 aluminium alloy, Defence Technology.,12: 324–333.
Hou, W., Shen, Z., Huda, N., Oheil, M., Shen, Y., Jahed, H. and Gerlich, A.P., 2021. Enhancing metallurgical and mechanical properties of friction stir butt welded joints of Al–Cu via cold sprayed Ni interlayer. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 809:140992.
Isa, M.S.M., Moghadasi, K., Ariffin, M.A., Raja, S., bin Muhamad, M.R., Yusof, F., Jamaludin, M.F., bin Yusoff, N. and bin Ab Karim, M.S., 2021. Recent research progress in friction stir welding of aluminium and copper dissimilar joint: a review. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 15:2735-2780.
Bozkurt, Y. and Boumerzoug, Z., 2018. Tool material effect on the friction stir butt welding of AA2124-T4 Alloy Matrix MMC. Journal of materials research and technology, 7(1):29-38.
Naik, L. S., Hadya, B. and Murahari, K., 2018. Experimental Study On AA7075 Its Effect Of Rotational Speed And Tool Pin Profile On Friction Stir Welding Process, International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology (IJIET), 9(3): 88-93.
Shanavas S., Dhas J.E.R. and Murugan N., 2018. Weldability of Marine Grade AA 5052 aluminium alloy by underwater friction stir welding, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology., 95: 4535–4546.
Pereira, M.A., Amaro, A.M., Reis, P.N. and Loureiro, A., 2021. Effect of Friction Stir Welding techniques and parameters on polymers joint efficiency—A critical review. Polymers, 13(13):2056.
Zhang, C., Huang, G., Cao, Y., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Wang, X. and Liu, Q., 2019. Microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar friction stir welded AA2024-7075 joints: Influence of joining material direction. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 766: 138368.
Fourment, L. and Guerdoux, S., 2008. 3D numerical simulation of the three stages of Friction Stir Welding based on friction parameters calibration, International Journal of Material Forming 1(S1),:1287–1290.
Wahid, M.A. and Siddiquee, A.N., 2018. Review on underwater friction stir welding: A variant of friction stir welding with great potential of improving joint properties. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 28(2):193-219.
Chu, Q., Hao, S.J., Li, W.Y., Yang, X.W., Zou, Y.F. and Wu, D., 2021. Impact of shoulder morphology on macrostructural forming and the texture development during probeless friction stir spot welding. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 12: 2042-2054.
Muhammad, N.A. and Wu, C., 2020. Evaluation of capabilities of ultrasonic vibration on the surface, electrical and mechanical behaviours of aluminium to copper dissimilar friction stir welds. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 183: 105784.
Lambiase, F., Paoletti, A. and Di Ilio, A., 2017. Effect of tool geometry on mechanical behavior of friction stir spot welds of polycarbonate sheets. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 88(9): 3005-3016.
Jafari, H., Mansouri, H. and Honarpisheh, M., 2019. Investigation of residual stress distribution of dissimilar Al-7075-T6 and Al-6061-T6 in the friction stir welding process strengthened with SiO2 nanoparticles. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 43: 145-153.
Eslami, S., De Figueiredo, M.A.V., Tavares, P.J. and Moreira, P.M.G.P., 2018. Parameter optimisation of friction stir welded dissimilar polymers joints. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 94(5): 1759-1770.
Mosavvar, A., Azdast, T., Moradian, M. and Hasanzadeh, R., 2019. Tensile properties of friction stir welding of thermoplastic pipes based on a novel designed mechanism. Welding in the World, 63(3): 691-699.
Shunmugasundaram, M., Kumar, A.P., Sankar, L.P. and Sivasankar, S., 2020. Optimisation of process parameters of friction stir welded dissimilar AA6063 and AA5052 aluminum alloys by Taguchi technique. Materials Today: Proceedings, 27: 871-876.
Cabibbo, M., Forcellese, A., Santecchia, E., Paoletti, C., Spigarelli, S. and Simoncini, M., 2020. New approaches to friction stir welding of aluminum light-alloys. Metals, 10(2): 233.
El-Sayed, M.M., Shash, A.Y., Mahmoud, T.S. and Rabbou, M.A., 2018. Effect of friction stir welding parameters on the peak temperature and the mechanical properties of aluminum alloy 5083-O. In Improved performance of materials Springer, Cham:11-25.
Khan, N.Z., Siddiquee, A.N. and Khan, Z.A., 2018. Proposing a new relation for selecting tool pin length in friction stir welding process. Measurement, 129:112-118.
Delir Nazarlou, R., Nemati Akhgar, B. and Omidbakhsh, F., 2021. Optimisation of friction stir welding parameters with Taguchi method for maximum electrical conductivity in Al-1080 welded sections. Scientia Iranica, 28(4): 2250-2258.
Patel, V., Badheka, V. and Kumar, A., 2017. Effect of polygonal pin profiles on friction stir processed superplasticity of AA7075 alloy, Journal of Materials Processing Technology., 240: 68–76.
51 Reza-E-, R. M., Tang, W. and Reynolds A.P., 2018. Effects of thread interruptions on tool pins in friction stir welding of AA6061', Sci. Technol. Weld. Join, 23: 114–124.
Tiwari S., Chelladurai H. and Shukla A. K., 2014. Parametric Analysis of Friction Stir Welding", AIMTDR.: 1-6.
Heirani, F., Abbasi, A. and Ardestani, M., 2017. Effects of processing parameters on microstructure and mechanical behaviours of underwater friction stir welding of Al5083 alloy, Journal of Manufacturing Processes., 25:77–84.
Krishnan, M. and Subramaniam, S., 2019. Multi-response optimisation of friction stir corner welding of dissimilar thickness AA5086 and AA6061 aluminum alloys by Taguchi grey relational analysis. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 233(11):3733-3742.
Pourali, M., Abdollah-Zadeh, A., Saeid, T. and Kargar, F., 2017. Influence of welding parameters on intermetallic compounds formation in dissimilar steel/aluminum friction stir welds. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 715:1-8.
Zhang, C., Qin, Z., Rong, C., Shi, W. and Wang, S., 2020. The preliminary exploration of micro-friction stir welding process and material flow of copper and brass ultra-thin sheets. Materials, 13(10):2401.
Fouladi, S. and Abbasi, M., 2017. The effect of friction stir vibration welding process on characteristics of SiO2 incorporated joint. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 243:23-30.
Sharma, V., Prakash, U. and Kumar, B.M., 2015. Surface composites by friction stir processing: A review. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 224:117-134.
Zhang, C., Huang, G., Cao, Y., Zhu, Y. and Liu, Q., 2019. On the microstructure and mechanical properties of similar and dissimilar AA7075 and AA2024 friction stir welding joints: effect of rotational speed. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 37:470-487.
Fathi, J., Ebrahimzadeh, P., Farasati, R. and Teimouri, R., 2019. Friction stir welding of aluminum 6061-T6 in presence of watercooling: Analysing mechanical properties and residual stress distribution. International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, 2(2):107-115.
Nie, L., Wu, Y.X. and Gong, H., 2020. Prediction of temperature and residual stress distributions in friction stir welding of aluminum alloy. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 106(7):3301-3310.
Węglowski, M.S., 2018. Friction stir processing–State of the art. Archives of civil and Mechanical Engineering, 18(1):114-129.
Kumar Rajak, D., Pagar, D.D., Menezes, P.L. and Eyvazian, A., 2020. Friction-based welding processes: friction welding and friction stir welding. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 34(24):2613-2637.
Dewangan, S.K., Tripathi, M.K. and Manoj, M.K., 2020. Effect of welding speeds on microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar friction stir welding of AA7075 and AA5083 alloy. Materials Today: Proceedings, 27:2713-2717.
Saeidi, M., Barmouz, M., and Givi, M. K. B., 2015. Investigation on AA5083/AA7075+Al2O3 Joint Fabricated by Friction Stir Welding: Characterizing Microstructure, Corrosion and Toughness Behavior. Materials Research., 18(6):1156–1162.
Sivachidambaram S. S., Rajamurugan G., Amirtharaj. and Divya., 2015. Optimising the parameters for friction stir welding of dissimilar aluminium alloys AA 5383/AA 7075, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences., 10: 5434-5437.
Palanivel R., Mathews P. K, Murugan N., and Dinaharan I., 2012. Effect of tool rotational speed and pin profile on microstructure and tensile strength of dissimilar friction stir welded AA5083-H111 and AA6351-T6 aluminium alloys, Materials & Design., 40: 7–16.
Ogunsemi, B.T., Abioye, T.E., Ogedengbe, T.I. and Zuhailawati, H., 2021. A review of various improvement strategies for joint quality of AA 6061-T6 friction stir weldments. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 11, pp.1061-1089.
Mishra, D., Gupta, A., Raj, P., Kumar, A., Anwer, S., Pal, S.K., Chakravarty, D., Pal, S., Chakravarty, T., Pal, A. and Misra, P., 2020. Real time monitoring and control of friction stir welding process using multiple sensors. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 30:1-11.
Abioye, T.E., Zuhailawati, H., Anasyida, A.S., Yahaya, S.A. and Dhindaw, B.K., 2019. Investigation of the microstructure, mechanical and wear properties of AA6061-T6 friction stir weldments with different particulate reinforcements addition. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 8(5):3917-3928.
Mao, Y., Ni, Y., Xiao, X., Qin, D. and Fu, L., 2020. Microstructural characterisation and mechanical properties of micro friction stir welded dissimilar Al/Cu ultra-thin sheets. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 60:356-365.
Ahmed, S. and Saha, P., 2020. Selection of optimal process parameters and assessment of its effect in micro-friction stir welding of AA6061-T6 sheets. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 106(7):3045-3061.
Garg, A., Raturi, M., Garg, A. and Bhattacharya, A., 2020. Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of double-sided friction stir welding between AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T651. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 31:431-438.
Zhang, C., Huang, G., Cao, Y., Zhu, Y., and Liu, Q., 2019. On the microstructure and mechanical properties of similar and dissimilar AA7075 and AA2024 friction stir welding joints: Effect of rotational speed, Journal of Manufacturing Processes., 37: 470–487.
Ghiasvand, A., Kazemi, M., Mahdipour Jalilian, M. and Ahmadi Rashid, H., 2020. Effects of tool offset, pin offset, and alloys position on maximum temperature in dissimilar FSW of AA6061 and AA5086. International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, 15(1):1-14.
Zhang, H., Sun, S., Liu, X., Song, J. and Chen, X., 2022. Effect of Tool-Workpiece Relative Position on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-Cu Dissimilar Friction Stir Weld. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 31(3):2457-2465.
Dhanesh Babu, S.D., Sevvel, P., Senthil Kumar, R., Vijayan, V. and Subramani, J., 2021. Development of thermo mechanical model for prediction of temperature diffusion in different FSW tool pin geometries during joining of AZ80A Mg alloys. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 31(7):3196-3212.
Wei, Y., Chen, Y., Niu, R., Yang, Q., Luo, Y. and Zou, J., 2022. Study on the Thermal Conductivity of Cu/Al Joints with Different Interfacial Microstructures. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2022.
Hamed J. A., 2017. Effect of welding heat input and post-weld ageing time on microstructure and mechanical properties in dissimilar friction stir welded AA7075AA5086, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China., 27: 1707-1715.
Raturi, M., Garg, A. and Bhattacharya A., (2019) Joint strength and failure studies of dissimilar AA6061-AA7075 friction stir welds: Effects of tool pin, process parameters and preheating, Engineering Failure Analysis., 96:570–588.
Garg A., Raturi M. and Bhattacharya A., 2019. Metallurgical behaviour and variation of the vibroacoustic signal during preheating assisted friction stir welding between AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T651 alloys, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China., 29 (8): 1610-1620.
Heidarzadeh, A., Paidar, M., Güleryüz, G. and Vatankhah Barenji, R., 2020. Application of nanoindentation to evaluate the hardness and yield strength of brass joints produced by FSW: microstructural and strengthening mechanisms. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 20(2):1-9.
Yoon J., Kim C., and Rhee S., 2019. Performance of plunge depth control methods during friction stir welding, Metals., 9(283).
Muhayat, N. and Rahmanto, R. D., 2018. Effect of Tool Plunge Depth and Pin Profile on Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Spot Welded AA5052 Joints, Journal of Mechanical Engineering Vol SI., 5(1): 181-191.
Poongkundran, R., and Senthilkumar, K., 2016. Preheating Effect on Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Friction Stir Welded AA7075 Aluminium Alloy Joints, Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology., 59.
Kaushik, P. and Dwivedi, DK, 2021. Induction preheating in FSW of Al-Steel combination. Materials Today: Proceedings, 46:1091-1095.
Tolephih, M. H., Mahmood, H. M and Esam, H. H., 2013. Effect of tool offset and tilt angle on weld strength of the butt joint friction stir welded specimens of AA2024 aluminium alloy welded to commercial pure copper, Chemistry and Materials Research., 3(4): 49-55.
Kumar, H. M. A., Venkata, R. V. and Pawar M., 2018. Experimental Study on Dissimilar Friction Stir Welding of Aluminium Alloys (5083-H111 and 6082-T6) to investigate the mechanical properties, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering., 330.
Wahid M.A., Khan Z.A. and Siddiquee A.N., 2018. Review on underwater friction stir welding: A variant of friction stir welding with great potential of improving joint properties, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition)., 28(2):193–219.
Moghaddam, M., Zarei-Hanzaki, A., Pishbin, M. H., Shafieizad, A. H., and Oliveira, V. B. 2016. Characterisation of the microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of 7075 aluminium alloy in the early stage of severe plastic deformation, Materials Characterization, 119:137–147.
Khodir S.A. and Shibayanagi T., 2008. Friction stir welding of dissimilar AA2024 and AA7075 aluminium alloys, Materials Science and Engineering: B., 148: 82–87.
Patel, V., Badheka., Li, W. and Akkireddy, S., 2019. Hybrid friction stir processing with the active cooling approach to enhance superplastic behaviour of AA7075 aluminium alloy, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering I9,19, pp. 1368-1380.
Emamikhah A., Abbasi A., Atefat A. and Givi MK, 2013. Effect of tool pin profile on friction stir butt welding of high-zinc brass (CUZN40), The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology., 71: 81–90.
Kovacs, Z. and Hareancz, F., 2018. Joining of non-weldable AA7075 and weldable AA6082 aluminium alloy sheets by Friction Stir Welding, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering., 448.
Bayazid S. M., Farhangia, H. and Ghahramania, A., 2015. Effect of Pin Profile on Defects of Friction Stir Welded 7075 Aluminium Alloy, School Procedia Materials Science., 11:12 – 16.
Mahto, R. P., Gupta, C., Kinjawadekar, M., Meena, A., and Pal, S. K., 2019. Weldability of AA6061-T6 and AISI 304 by underwater friction stir welding, Journal of Manufacturing Processes.,38: 370–386.
Rouzbehani, R., Kokabi, A. H., Sabet, H., Paidar, M and Ojo, O. O., 2018. Metallurgical and mechanical properties of underwater friction stir welds of Al7075 aluminium alloy, Journal of Materials Processing Tech., 262: 239–256.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Mekanikal belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions or any other reproductions of similar nature.
