THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM WASTE COOKING OIL USING MICROWAVE IRRADIATION
Keywords:
Waste cooking oil, microwave irradiation, transesterification, biodiesel fuel, fuel properties.Abstract
Limited supply of petroleum resources, global warming issues and increasing yearly prices of petroleum in the present time, motivated scientists to find new alternative and cheap energy resources. Utilization of edible oil like vegetable oils as fuel actualized the competition between human needs in food and non -food applications. Also, the utilization of non-edible seed oils as renewable sources of fuel are costly due to the planting and production cost of the crude oils. In this study, the physical properties of crude palm oil (CPO), refined bleached deodorized (RBD) palm oil, waste cooking oil (WCO) and their methyl esters, has been investigated and characterized. Secondly, comparison was made using conventional method and microwave irradiation method of production of biodiesel, looking at different microwave exit powers, reaction time and reaction temperatures. The waste cooking oil (WCO) methyl ester characterization was done according to the ASTM method and was compared with published data. Generally, the flash point of this oil was reduced to 131ºC in its methyl ester form which is safe to be stored. Another result was the calorific value of the WCO methyl ester. It was 40,870 kJ/kg, which was slightly higher than its unprocessed form but still lower than diesel fuel. The cloud point and pour point of WCO methyl ester were lower than the CPO methyl ester but slightly higher than RBD methyl ester which are 13ºC and 9ºC respectively. The kinematic viscosity at 40ºC was 3.019 cSt, which was comparable with conventional diesel. Waste cooking oil’s density (0.886 kg/liter) was slightly higher than conventional diesel. The results showed that microwave irradiation decreases the reaction time dramatically from using conventional methods of 60 to 180 min to only 5 to 9 min.References
Ani, F.N., Sustainable bioresources research into biofuels and other related applications. The First International Conference on Energy and Environment, 26-28 Feb 2009.
Enweremadu, C.C. and Mbarawa, M., Technical aspects of production and analysis of biodiesel from used cooking oil—A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009. 13: p. 2205-2224.
Knothe, G., Historical perspectives on vegetable oil-based diesel fuels. Industrial Oils, 2001. 12: p. 1103-1107.
Geyer, S., Jacobus, M., and Letz, S., Comparison of diesel engine performance and emissions from heat and transesterified vegetable oil. Trans ASAE, 1984. 27(2): p. 375–81.
Peterson, C., Hammond, B., Thompson, J., and Beck, S., HySEE Preliminary Processing and Screening: Making and testing a biodiesel fuel made from ethanol and waste french-fry oil. Energy Division, 1995, July.
Ani F.N., and Williams, A., The spray characteristics of palm oil. International Conference on Fluid and Thermal Energy Conversion, 12-15 Dec 1994, Bali, Indonesia.
Murugesan, A., Umarani, C., Chinnusamy, T., Krishnan, M., Subramanian, R., and Neduzchezhain, N., Production and analysis of bio-diesel from non-edible oils—A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009. 13: p. 825-834.
Agarwal, A.K., Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2007. 33: p. 233–271.
Meher, L.C., Sagar, D.V., and Naik, S.N., Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification-a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2006. 10: p. 248–268.
Tomasevic, A.V. and Siler-Marinkovic, S.S., Methanolysis of used frying oil. Fuel Processing Technology, 2003. 81: p. 1 - 6.
Rao, G.L.N., Sampath, S., and Rajagopal, K., Experimental Studies on the Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Used Cooking Oil Methyl Ester and its Diesel Blends. International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2008. 4(2).
Refaat, A.A., Attia, K., Sibak, A., El Sheltawy, S. T., and El Diwani I., Production optimization and quality assessment of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech, 2008. 5(1): p. 75-82.
Phan, A.N. and Phan, T.M., Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils. Fuel, 2008. 87: p. 3490-3496.
Allawzi, M., and Kandah, M.I., Parametric study of biodiesel production from used soybean oil. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol, 2008. 110: p. 760-767.
Dorado, M., Ballesteros, E., Almeida, JA., Schellet, C., Lohrlein, HP., and Krause, R., An alkali-catalyzed transesterification process for high frr fatty acid oils. Trans ASAE, 2002. 45(3): p. 525-529.
Fang, C., and PMC, L., Microwave heating and separation of water in oil emulsions. Int Microwave Power Inst Mag, 1995. 30(1): p. 46-55.
Lertsathapornsuk, V., Pairintra, R., Krisnangkura, K., and Chindaruksa, S., Direct conversion of used vegetable oil to biodiesel and its use as an alternative fuel for compression ignition engine. Proceedings of the 1st international conference on
energy and green architecture, 2003.
Yaakob, Z., Sukarman, I.S., Kamarudin, S.K., Abdullah, S.R.S., and Mohamed, F., Production of biodiesel from Jatropha Curcas by microwave irradiation. International conference on Renewable Energy Sources, 2008.
Refaat, A.A., Sheltawy, S.T.E., and Sadek, K.U., Optimum reaction time, performance and exhaust emissions of biodiesel produced by microwave irradiation. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech, 2008. 5(3): p. 315-322.
Encinar, J.M., lez, J.F.G., and Rodrı´guez-Reinares, A., Biodiesel from Used Frying Oil. Variables Affecting the Yields and Characteristics of the Biodiesel. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, 2005. 44: p. 5491-5499.
Kheang, L.S., May, C. Y., Foon, C. S., and Ngan, M. A., Recovery and Conversion of Palm Olein-Derived Used Frying Oil to Methyl Esters for Biodiesel. Journal of Oil Palm Research, 2006. 18: p. 247-252.
Lertsathapornsuk, V., Ruangying, P., Pairintra, R., and Krisnangkura, K., Continuous Transethylation of Vegetable Oils by Microwave Irradiation. In: Proceedings of the 1st conference on energy network, 2005. Thailand RE11- RE14.
Saifuddin, N. and Chua, K.H., Production of Ethyl Ester (Biodiesel) from used Frying Oil: Optimization of Transesterification Process using Microwave Irradiation. Malaysian Journal of Chemistry, 2004. 6: p. 077-082.
Mihelbach, M., Diesel fuel derived from vegetable oils, VI:Specifications and quality control of Biodiese. Bioresour Technol, 1996. 27(5): p. 435-437.
Baroutian, S., Aroua M.K., Raman A.A. and Sulaiman N.M., RBD palm oleinbased methyl/ethyl esters. Journal of Oil Palm Research, December 2009. 21: p. 659-666.
Zu, Y., Zhang, S., Fu, Y., Liu, W., Liu, Z., Luo, M., and Efferth, T., Rapid microwave-assisted transesterification for the preparation of fatty acid methyl esters from the oil of yellow horn (Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge.). European food research and technology, 2009. 229: p. 43-49.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Mekanikal belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions or any other reproductions of similar nature.
